Expanded graphite and products produced therefrom

ABSTRACT

Graphite nanoplatelets of expanded graphite and polymer composites produced therefrom are described. The graphite is expanded from an intercalated graphite by microwaves or radiofrequency waves in the presence of a gaseous atmosphere. The composites have barrier and/or conductive properties due to the expanded graphite.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/659,577, filed Sep. 10, 2003, which claims priority to Provisional Application Serial No. 60/410,263, filed Sep. 12, 2002.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

Reference to a “Computer Listing Appendix submitted on a Compact Disc”

Not Applicable.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

(1) Field of the Invention

Expanded graphite is provided in the present invention. The present invention relates in part to polymer-expanded graphite composites. The graphite platelets are preferably reduced in size to less than about 200 microns. The invention also relates to expanded graphite used for fuel cells, for battery anodes and for catalytic converters. The graphite is preferably expanded using microwave or radiofrequency wave heating.

(2) Description of Related Art

Graphite is a well known material occurring in natural and synthetic form and is well described in the literature. Illustrative of this art is a monograph by Michel A. Boucher, Canadian Minerals Yearbook 24.1-24.9(1994).

Nanocomposites composed of polymer matrices with reinforcements of less than 100 nm in size, are being considered for applications such as interior and exterior accessories for automobiles, structural components for portable electronic devices, and films for food packaging (Giannelis, E. P., Appl. Organometallic Chem., Vol. 12, pp. 675 (1998); and Pinnavaia, T. J. et al., Polymer Clay Nanocomposites. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England (2000)). While most nanocomposite research has focused on exfoliated clay platelets, the same nanoreinforcement concept can be applied to another layered material, graphite, to produce nanoplatelets and nanocomposites (Pan, Y. X., et al., J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phy., Vol. 38, pp. 1626 (2000); and Chen, G. H., et al., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. Vol. 82, pp. 2506 (2001)). Graphite is the stiffest material found in nature (Young's Modulus=1060 MPa), having a modulus several times that of clay, but also with excellent electrical and thermal conductivity.

A useful form of graphite is expanded graphite which has been known for years. The first patents related to this topic appeared as early as 1910 (U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,137,373 and 1,191,383). Since then, numerous patents related to the methods and resulting expanded graphites have been issued. For example, many patents have been issued related to the expansion process (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,915,925 and 6,149,972), expanded graphite-polymer composites (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,530,949, 4,704,231, 4,946,892, 5,582,781, 4,091,083 and 5,846,459), flexible graphite sheet and its fabrication process by compressing expanded graphite (U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,404,061, 4,244,934, 4,888,242, 4,961,988, 5,149,518, 5,294,300, 5,582,811, 5,981,072 and 6,143,218), and flexible graphite sheet for fuel cell elements (U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,728 and 6,060,189). Also there are patents relating to grinding/pulverization methods for expanded graphite to produce fine graphite flakes (U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,287,694, 5,330,680 and 5,186,919). All of these patents use a heat treatment, typically in the range of 600° C.-to 1200° C., as the expansion method for graphite. The heating by direct application of heat generally requires a significant amount of energy, especially in the case of large-scale production. RF or microwave expansion method can heat more material in less time at lower cost. U.S. Pat. No. 6,306,264 discusses microwave as one of the expansion methods for SO₃ intercalated graphite.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,019,446 and 4,987,175 describe graphite flake reinforced polymer composites and the fabrication method. These patents did not specify the methods to produce thin, small graphite flakes. The thickness (less than 100 nm) and aspect ratio (more than 100) of the graphite reinforcement was described.

Many patents have been issued related to anode materials for lithium-ion or lithium-polymer batteries (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,344,726, 5,522,127, 5,591,547, 5,672,446, 5,756,062, and 6,136,474). Among these materials, one of the most widely investigated and used is graphite flakes with appropriate size, typically 2 to 50 μm, with less oxygen-containing functional groups at the edges. Most of the patents described graphite flakes made by carbonization of precursor material, such as petroleum coke or coal-tar pitch, followed by graphitization process.

This invention is a method to produce such materials with any thermoset or thermoplastic resin by the incorporation of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets at a concentration above the percolation concentration. The resulting composite plastic is reduced in AC impedance by over 9 orders of magnitude over the base resin making it useful for electrostatic dissipation, electrostatic painting or electromagnetic shielding. The electro-conductive composite plastic can be produced with any conventional thermoset or thermoplastic processing methods without major modification. In addition, the composite plastic also has excellent barrier properties against transmission of gases and liquids so that it can be used as a barrier material for packaging electrical/electronics and automotive applications.

Many types of conductive resin compositions have been developed in the past. Various types of polymers and polymer mixtures were combined with conductive fillers such as carbon blacks, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, graphite and metal particles to make conductive resins. A goal is to provide good conductivity or good barrier properties. Examples of the previous patents include U.S. Pat. No. 4,990,581, U.S. Pat. No. 4,696,956, U.S. Pat. No. 4,664,900, U.S. Pat. No. 4,559,164, U.S. Pat. No. 4,510,179, U.S. Pat. No. 4,351,745, U.S. Pat. No. 6,919,394, U.S. Pat. No. 6,894,100, U.S. Pat. No. 6,942,823, U.S. Pat. No. 6,828,375, U.S. Pat. No. 6,267,148, U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,858, U.S. Pat. No. 6,828,375 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,365,069.

Also many resins with good barrier properties have been developed. Typically clays or silicate layers are mixed with polymer matrix. But the clays or silicates are insulators and do not produce high electrical conductivity so that the applications of these materials for this purpose are limited. Examples of these resins include U.S. Pat. No. 5,554,670, U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,106, U.S. Pat. No. 5,801,216, U.S. Pat. No. 5,866,645, U.S. Pat. No. 6,117,541, U.S. Pat. No. 5,876,812, U.S. Pat. No. 6,117,541, U.S. Pat. No. 5,972,448, U.S. Pat. No. 5,952,095, U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,248, U.S. Pat. No. 5,8445,032, U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,763, U.S. Pat. No. 5,552,469, U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,629, U.S. Pat. No. 5,883,173, U.S. Pat. No. 6,403,231, U.S. Pat. No. 6,217,962, U.S. Pat. No. 5,962,553, U.S. Pat. No. 5,910,523, U.S. Pat. No. 5,102,94, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,358,576.

Many types of conductive nylon compositions have been developed in the past. Various types of nylons, nylon copolymers, and nylon based polymer mixtures were combined with conductive fillers such as carbon blacks, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, graphite and metal particles to make conductive nylons. The goal is to provide both good conductivity or good barrier properties. Examples of the previous patents include U.S. Pat. No. 6,265,529, U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,858, U.S. Pat. No. 5,977,240, U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,340, U.S. Pat. No. 5,744,573, U.S. Pat. No. 6,894,100, U.S. Pat. No. 6,506,830, U.S. Pat. No. 6,267,148, U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,858, U.S. Pat. No. 6,828,375 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,469,093.

Also many nylon resins with good barrier properties have been developed. Typically clays or silicate layers are mixed with nylon matrix. But none of them has good electrical conductivity so that the applications of these materials are limited. Examples of these patents include U.S. Pat. No. 4,739,007, U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,734, U.S. Pat. No. 4,889,885, U.S. Pat. No. 4,528,235, U.S. Pat. No. 4,618,528, U.S. Pat. No. 4,728,478, U.S. Pat. No. 5,102,948 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,385,776.

All of the above patents are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention uses radiofrequency or microwave heating of intercalated graphite to expand the graphite in a gaseous atmosphere. An important aspect of utilizing graphite as a platelet nano reinforcement is this ability to expand the graphite. With surface treatment of the expanded graphite, its dispersion in a polymer matrix results in a composite with not only excellent mechanical properties but electrical properties as well, opening up many new structural applications as well as non-structural ones where electromagnetic shielding and high thermal conductivity are requirements. In addition, graphite nanoplatelets are ˜500 times less expensive than carbon nanotubes.

Thus the present invention relates in part to a composite material which comprises:

(a) finely divided expanded graphite consisting essentially of single platelets which are less than 200 microns in length; and

(b) a polymer having the expanded graphite platelets dispersed therein.

In particular, the present invention relates to a composite material which comprises:

(a) finely divided expanded graphite having single platelets with a length less than about 200 microns and a thickness of less than about 0.1 microns; and

(b) a polymer having the expanded graphite particles dispersed therein, wherein the composite material contains up to 50% by volume of the graphite platelets. Preferably the expanded graphite platelets are present in an amount so that composite material is conductive.

A graphite precursor containing a chemical which was vaporized by heat to form the expanded graphite. In most cases, the chemical should be removed, preferably by heating, from the graphite by sufficient heating before mixing with polymers, since the chemical can degradate polymers. Preferably the expanded graphite has been formed in a radiofrequency wave applicator by heating the graphite precursor with the radiofrequency waves. Preferably a precursor graphite has been treated with a fuming oxy acid and heated to form the expanded graphite particles. Good results have been achieved with expanded graphite composites surface treated with acrylamide or other surface modifying treatments.

The invention applied to thermoset polymer systems, such as epoxy, polyurethane, polyurea, polysiloxane and alkyds, where polymer curing involves coupling or crosslinking reactions. The invention is applied as well to thermoplastic polymers for instance polyamides, proteins, polyesters, polyethers, polyurethanes, polysiloxanes, phenol-formaldehydes, urea-formaldehydes, melamine-formaldehydes, celluloses, polysulfides, polyacetals, polyethylene oxides, polycaprolactams, polycaprolactons, polylactides, polyimides, and polyolefins (vinyl-containing thermoplastics). Specifically included are polypropylene, nylon and polycarbonate. The polymer can be for instance an epoxy resin. The epoxy resin cures when heated. The epoxy composite material preferably contains less than about 8% by weight of the expanded graphite platelets. Thermoplastic polymers are widely used in many industries. The expanded graphite can also be incorporated into ceramics and metals.

Further the present invention relates to a method for preparing a shaped composite which comprises:

(a) providing a mixture of a finely divided expanded graphite consisting essentially of single platelets which are essentially less than 200 microns in length and with a polymer precursor with the expanded platelets dispersed therein; and

(b) forming the shaped composite material from the mixture.

In particular, the present invention relates to a method for preparing a shaped composite material which comprises:

(a) providing a mixture of an expanded graphite having single platelets with a length less than about 200 microns and a thickness of less than about 0.1 microns with a polymer precursor with the expanded graphite platelets dispersed therein, wherein the composite material contains up to about 50% by volume of the expanded graphite platelets;

(b) forming the shaped composite material from the mixture.

Preferably the expanded graphite is provided in the polymer in an amount sufficient to render the shaped composite conductive. Preferably the expanded graphite has been expanded with expanding chemical which can be evaporated upon application of heat. Preferably the expanded graphite platelets are formed in a radiofrequency wave applicator by heating the graphite precursor with radiofrequency waves and then the expanding chemical is removed to form the graphite precursor. Preferably a graphite precursor is treated with a fuming oxy acid and heated to provide the expanded graphite particles.

The present invention also relates to an improvement in a battery containing ions in the anode which comprises a finely divided microwave or RF expanded graphite having single platelets with a length less than about 200 microns and a thickness of less than about 0.1 microns.

The present invention also relates to an improvement in a catalytic conversion of an organic compound to hydrogen with a catalytic material deposited on a substrate the improvement in the substrate which comprises a finely divided microwave or RF expanded graphite having single particles with a length less than about 200 microns and a thickness of less than about 0.1 microns.

Finally the present invention relates to a process for producing platelets of expanded graphite which comprises:

(a) expanding graphite intercalated with a chemical which expands upon heating to produce expanded graphite platelets; and

(b) reducing the expanded graphite platelets so that essentially all of the individual platelets are less than 200 microns in length, 0.1 micron in thickness. Preferably the chemical agent is an inorganic oxy acid. Preferably the expanding is by microwave or RF heating. Preferably the graphite is surface modified such as with acrylamide.

Plastics that are electrically conductive and that can also provide a barrier to the diffusion and transport of gases and liquids are in high demand.

The present invention also relates to a composite composition which comprises an admixture: a polymer; and microwave or radiofrequency wave expanded graphite platelets, which were expanded from a graphite containing an intercalcant by boiling the intercalcant and are optionally pulverized, in admixture in the polymer, wherein the platelets are present in an amount which provides electrical conductivity properties or provides barrier properties to gases or liquids or a combination of these properties.

The present invention also relates to an article of manufacture requiring a polymer which requires electrical conductivity or barrier properties to liquids or gases, the improvement which comprises providing in the article a composite composition which comprises in admixture: a polymer; and microwave or radiofrequency wave expanded graphite nanoplatelets, which were expanded from the intercalated graphite by boiling the intercalcant in admixture in the polymer, wherein the nanoplatelets are present in an amount so that the composite composition provides the electrical conductivity or provides barrier properties to liquids or gases or a combination of these properties.

The present invention also relates to a method for providing electrical conductivity or barrier properties in an article of manufacture which comprises fabricating an element of the article from a composite composition which comprises in admixture: a polymer; and microwave or radiofrequency wave expanded graphite nanoplatelets which were expanded from a graphite containing an intercalcant by boiling the intercalcant in admixture in the polymer in an amount so that the composition has the electrical conductivity or barrier properties or a combination of these properties. Preferably the polymer is nylon.

The present invention also relates to a composite composition with barrier properties which comprises in admixture: a polymer; and microwave or radiofrequency wave expanded microwave or rf frequency expanded and pulverized nanoplatelets of graphite, which were expanded in the presence of a gaseous atmosphere, in an amount which resists oxygen permeability through the composite due to graphite to provide the barrier properties. Preferably the graphite is between about 0.5 and 40% by weight of the composition. Preferably the composition is as a film. Preferably The composition is in a gasoline tank with a ground connection to prevent an accidental spark in the tank. Preferably the composition is in addition electrically conductive having a resistivity of less than about 108 ohm-cm due to the graphite in the polymer. Preferably the polymer is nylon.

The present invention also relates to a composite composition with barrier properties which comprises: a polymer comprising a nylon polymer; and microwave or radiofrequency wave expanded graphite platelets, which have been expanded from a graphite containing an intercalcant by boiling the intercalcant and optionally pulverized, in admixture in the polymer, wherein the platelets are present in the composition in an amount which provides a barrier to oxygen gas transmission to provide the barrier properties. The present invention also relates to an article of manufacture requiring a polymer which provides a barrier properties to oxygen gas transmission, the improvement which comprises providing a composite composition in the article which comprises: a polymer comprising a nylon polymer; and microwave or radiofrequency wave expanded graphite nanoplatelets which were expanded from a graphite containing an intercalcant by boiling the intercalcant in admixture in the polymer and optionally pulverized, the platelets are present in an amount so that the composition provides the barrier properties to oxygen gas transmission.

The present invention also relates to a method for providing barrier properties to oxygen gas transmission in an article of manufacture which comprises fabricating as an element of the article from a composite composition which comprises an admixture: a polymer comprising a nylon polymer; and microwave or radiofrequency wave expanded graphite nanoplatelets which were expanded from a graphite containing an intercalcant by boiling the intercalcant in the presence of a gaseous atmosphere and optionally pulverized, in admixture in the polymer in an amount which provides the composition with the barrier properties to oxygen gas transmission.

The present invention also relates to a composite composition providing a barrier to diffusion of an organic liquid which comprises in admixture: a polymer composition comprising a nylon polymer; and microwave or radiofrequency wave exfoliated and pulverized graphite nanoplatelets, which were expanded from a graphite containing an intercalcant by boiling the intercalcant and optionally pulverized, in the polymer composition in an amount so that the composition provides the barrier to diffusion of the organic liquid and optionally is electrically conductive. Preferably the composition is in a container for a fuel for an internal combustion engine as the organic liquid. Preferably the platelets are about 0.5 to 40% by weight of the composition. Preferably the platelets are pulverized to provide nanoplatelets which have a length and width of less than about 100 μm. Preferably a resistivity of the composition is less than about 108 ohm-cm due to the graphite in the polymer. Preferably the composition in addition contains nanosized mineral particles. Preferably the polymer is solely the nylon.

The present invention also relates to a process producing a composite composition which comprises an admixture a polymer; and microwave or radiofrequency wave expanded graphite platelets, which were expanded from a graphite containing an intercalcant by boiling the intercalcant, and are optionally pulverized, in admixture in the polymer wherein the platelets are present in an amount which provides electrical conductivity properties or provides barrier properties to gases or liquids or a combination of these properties, particularly a barrier to diffusion of an organic liquid, which comprises: blending a mixture of particles of the polymer with the platelets in a high speed blender at 10 to 500 rpm and then forming to produce the composition. Preferably the forming is selected from the group consisting of injection molding, compression molding; extrusion, transfer molding; blow molding and reaction injection molding. Preferably the polymer is solely the nylon. Preferably the particles are between about 0.1 and 500 microns.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) of intercalated graphite flakes.

FIG. 2 is a SEM image of expanded natural graphite flakes wherein the flakes are expanded by microwave.

FIG. 3 is a graph of an x-ray diffraction pattern of intercalated natural graphite of FIG. 1. Some order is seen.

FIG. 4 is a graph of an x-ray diffraction pattern of the expanded natural graphite of FIG. 2. No order is seen.

FIG. 5 is a SEM of pulverized exfoliated (expanded) natural graphite.

FIG. 6 is a graph showing the size distribution of the particles of FIG. 5 after being pulverized.

FIGS. 7 and 8 are graphs showing the flexural modulus (FIG. 7) and strength (FIG. 8) of cured epoxy resins containing 3% by volume of the pulverized graphite particles of FIGS. 5 and 6.

FIG. 9 is a graph of the resistivity of control and graphite nanoplatelet reinforced composites of FIGS. 7 and 8 as a function of volume percent exfoliated graphite (Gr).

FIGS. 10A and 10B are TEM images of graphite nanoplatelets in the polymer matrix of FIGS. 7 and 8.

FIG. 11 is a graph showing flexural strength versus expanded graphite content for acrylamide grafted graphite.

FIG. 12 is a graph showing flexural modulus versus acrylamide grafted expanded graphite content for acrylamide grafted graphite.

FIGS. 13 to 18 are graphs showing flexural strength and modulus for acrylamide modified graphite and various carbon materials. “MW” is microwave, and “AA” is acrylamide.

FIGS. 19 to 21 are SEM images of various carbon materials. FIG. 19 is PAN based carbon fiber, FIG. 20 is carbon film and FIG. 21 is carbon black.

FIGS. 22 to 24 are SEM images showing graphite in various forms.

FIGS. 25 and 26 are TEM images of graphite nanoplatelets.

FIGS. 27 and 28 are graphs showing size distribution of graphite microplates and graphite nanoplatelets.

FIGS. 29 and 30 are graphs comparing flexural strength and modulus for various samples including graphite modified with acrylamide.

FIGS. 31 and 32 are graphs of flexural strength and modulus for various carbon containing materials versus acrylamide grafting.

FIG. 33 is a graph showing coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of various composites with 3% by volume reinforcements and without reinforcement.

FIG. 34 is a graph showing T_(g) for various composites with 3% volume percent of reinforcements and without reinforcements.

FIG. 35 is a graph showing electrical resistivity of the components versus percentage of reinforcement by weight.

FIG. 36 is a graph showing electrical percolation threshold for various composites as a function of weight percent.

FIG. 37 is a graph showing impact strength for various composites.

FIG. 38 is a separated perspective view of the basic structure of a polymer battery. Cathode and Anode: electrically conducting polymer on substrate. Polymer gel electrolytes: Ionically conducting polymer gel film.

FIG. 39 is a schematic view of the basic structure of a fuel cell.

FIG. 40 is a schematic view of the basic structure of a lithium ion-battery.

FIG. 41 is a graph showing electrical conductivity as a function of the xGnP graphite S in nylon.

FIG. 42 is a graph showing the oxygen permeability of the xGnP graphites in the nylon 66.

FIGS. 43 and 44 are graphs showing flexural modules and flexural strength of the xGnP graphites in nylon 66.

FIG. 45 is a graph showing the resistivity of xGnP in nylon PA9T.

FIG. 46 is a graph showing the gasoline soak-up (closely related to barrier properties) of the xGnP in the nylon PA9T.

FIGS. 47, 48 and 49 show the flexural modules, flexural strength and impact resistance of the xGnP on the nylon PA9T.

FIG. 50 is an illustration of a simple embodiment of a method of expanding intercalated graphite in batch mode within a microwave apparatus 410 while in a gaseous atmosphere.

FIG. 51 is an illustration of expanding graphite 510 in a gaseous atmosphere.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Graphite is a layered material. Individual molecular layers are held together with weak Van der Waals forces which are capable of intercalation with organic or inorganic molecules and eventual expansion. These nanosized expanded graphite platelet materials are very large platelets having large diameters and are very thin in thickness. The graphite structure is stiff in bending. Graphite is a very good thermal and electrical conductor.

Expanded graphite provides superior mechanical properties and in addition provides electrical properties if a sufficient amount is present in a polymer matrix. Expanded graphite platelets have interbasal plane surfaces which have reactive sites on the edges of the platelets. Different chemical groups can be added to the edges. The application of an electric field can be used to orient the expanded graphite platelets in a preferred direction creating materials which are electrically or thermally conductive in one direction. Submicron conductive paths can be created to act as nanosized wires.

As used in the present application an expanded graphite is one which has been heated with radiofrequency waves and microwaves in a gaseous atmosphere to separate individual platelets of graphite. An exfoliated graphite is a form of expanded graphite where the individual platelets are separated by heating with or without an agent such as a polymer or polymer component. In the present application the term “expanded graphite” is used. The expanded graphite usually does not have any significant order as evidenced by an x-ray diffraction pattern.

The use of microwave energy or RF induction heating provides a fast and economical method to produce expanded graphite nanoflakes, graphite nanosheets, or graphite nanoparticles. The microwave or RF methods are especially useful in large-scale production and are very cost-effective.

The combination of RF or microwave expansion and appropriate grinding technique, such as planetary ball milling (and vibratory ball milling), produces nanoplatelet graphite flakes with a high aspect ratio efficiently. Microwave or RF expansion and pulverization of the crystalline graphite to produce suitable graphite flakes enables control of the size distribution of graphite flakes more efficiently. By incorporating an appropriate surface treatment, the process offers an economical method to produce a surface treated expanded graphite.

Chemically intercalated graphite flakes are expanded by application of the RF or microwave energy. The expansion occurs rapidly. Heating for 3 to 5 minutes removes the expanding chemical. The graphite absorbs the RF or microwave energy very quickly without being limited by convection and conduction heat transfer mechanisms. The intercalant heats up past the boiling point and causes the graphite to expand to many times its original volume. The process can be performed continuously by using a commercially available induction or microwave system with conveyors.

Although a commercial microwave oven operating at 2.45 GHz was used for the following experiments, radio frequency (induction heating) or microwave frequency energy across a wide range can be used for this purpose.

The expanded graphite is pulverized for instance by ball milling, mechanical grinding, air milling, or ultrasonic wave to produce graphite flakes (platelets) with high aspect ratio. These flakes are used as reinforcements in various matrices including polymers and metals. Also these flakes can be used, for instance, as anode materials, or substrates for metal catalysts. The exfoliated graphite flakes can be provided in a polymer matrix composite to improve the mechanical, electrical and thermal properties.

Specifically, intercalated graphite flakes are expanded by application of microwave energy at 2.45 GHz. This process can be done continuously by using a commercially available microwave system with conveyors. After the expansion, the graphite material is calendared, with or without binder resins, to form a flexible graphite sheet. The resultant sheet is cut into various sizes and shapes and used as gaskets, sealing material, electrode substrates, and separators for fuel cells.

Applications for the expanded graphite include thermally, electrically and structural nanoreinforcements for polymers and metals, electrode substrates for batteries, separators for fuel cells, anode material, or substrates for metal catalysts.

EXAMPLE 1

The graphite was expanded before the polymer is introduced. Intercalated graphite flakes were expanded by exposure to microwave energy, typically at 2.45 GHz frequency, for a few seconds to a few minutes in an oven. This process can be done continuously by using commercially available microwave systems with conveyors or batch-style process using individual microwave ovens. An automated continuous system is preferred from an economical point of view. In this case, the intercalated graphite flakes are first dispersed on a conveyor and introduced into the microwave oven, then processed under controlled conditions. Before or during this process additional chemicals/additives can be added to the intercalated graphite flakes to enhance the exfoliation, and/or apply surface treatments to the graphite flakes. After this process, washing and drying processes are applied, if necessary.

Typical starting materials are natural graphite flakes intercalated with oxidizing agents, but synthetic graphite, kish graphite, or the like can also be used. A preferred intercalating agent is a mixture of sulfuric acid or sulfuric acid/phosphoric acid mixture and an oxidizing agent such as nitric acid, perchloric acid, chromic acid, potassium chlorate potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, hydrogen peroxide, metal halides or the like.

FIG. 1 shows a SEM image of intercalated natural graphite flakes. The microwave process heated the graphite flake, thereby heating the intercalated acid causing a rapid expansion of the graphite flakes perpendicular to the basal planes. During the process, the flakes expanded as much as 300 times or more, but still many of the layers were attached together and form worm-like shapes. FIG. 2 shows a SEM image of expanded graphite material. FIGS. 3 and 4 show XRD data of intercalated natural graphite and expanded graphite processed by the microwave process. As FIG. 4 shows, the x-ray diffraction peak due to the highly and closely aligned graphite sheets was significantly reduced because of the expansion of the intercalated graphite by the microwave process. The expanded graphite can be pressed to form flexible graphite sheet. The thickness of the sheet can be controllable, depending on the application.

The expanded graphite was pulverized into the small platelets which have been crushed. FIGS. 5 and 6 show a SEM image and size distribution of expanded graphite platelets. The size of most graphite particles is 1 μm or less after milling.

After the expansion, the graphite material can then be pressed into sheet or pulverized into small flakes. In the former case, the expanded graphite flakes are pressed by calendar roll, press machine, or any other press methods, with or without binder resins, to form a flexible graphite sheet. The resulting sheet can be cut into various sizes and shapes and can be used as gaskets, sealing material, electrode substrates, separators in fuel cells or many other applications. In the latter case, the expanded graphite flakes are pulverized by ball milling, planetary milling, mechanical grinding, air milling, ultrasonic processing or any other milling methods to produce graphite flakes with a high aspect ratio. These expanded flakes can also be given further surface treatments and can be used as reinforcements in various matrices including polymers, ceramics, and metals. Also these flakes and/or sheets can be used as electrodes and/or other parts for batteries, or electrodes, separators, and/or other parts materials for fuel cells, or substrates for various catalysts in many chemical/biological reactions.

The expanded graphite nanoplatelets can be incorporated into various types of matrices, including thermoplastic and thermoset polymers. Before mixing with the polymeric matrix, surface treatments can be applied to the graphite nanoplatelets to enhance the adhesion between graphite platelets and matrix and the dispersion of the platelets in the polymer. An example of composite fabrication and its properties is described below.

EXAMPLE 2

Graphite flake that has been treated in the sulfuric acid to intercalate the graphite with sulfuric acid in between the layers was used. A commercial source used in this invention is GRAFGUARD™ which is produced by UCAR Carbon Company (Lakewood, Ohio).

Samples of acidic, neutral or basic intercalated graphite (GRAFGUARD™ 160-50N, 160-50A or 160-50B from UCAR Carbon Company, Parma, Ohio) were mixed into pure epoxy resin such as diglycidylether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) Shell Epon 828 or equivalent. The mixture was heated to temperatures of at least 200° C. at which time approximately the graphite experiences a 15% weight loss due to the release of the trapped sulfuric acid compounds. At the same time, the epoxy molecule entered the space between the graphite layers. A very large volume expansion was encountered which results in sorption of the epoxy in between the graphite layers. This expanded graphite was dry to the touch indicating that all of the epoxy has been sucked into the galleries between the platelets. After cooldown, further epoxy and a curing agent were added to this mixture and a composite material was fabricated. There are various other routes available to attain the same end point of removal of the sulfuric acid and intercalation of the epoxy or similar polymer monomer in-between the graphite layers. One way is to remove the acid from the expanded graphite by heating.

Samples were made and mechanical properties were measured to show that the graphite has been intercalated and exfoliated (expanded) by the polymer.

EXAMPLE 3

Composite samples were fabricated using the following steps. First, 1, 2, or 3 vol % (1.9, 3.8 or 5.8 wt %) of the expanded graphite nanoplatelets of Example 2 were added into the epoxy systems. (Epoxide; Shell Chemicals, EPON™ 828 (DGEBA), Curing Agent: Huntsman Corporation, JEFFAMINE™ T403. The weight ratio of EPON™ 828 to JEFFAMINE™ T403 was 100 to 45.) Then the mixtures were cured by heating at 85° C. for 2 hours followed by 150° C. for 2 hours. The heating ramp rate was 3° C. per min. At the same time, a reference system was made that did not have expanded graphite platelets in it but was composed of the same epoxy system from the same batch. The mechanical properties of these samples were determined. These samples were investigated by flexural test. Also, the AC conductivity of these materials was measured.

FIGS. 7 and 8 show the results of the flexural test. The composite materials with 3 vol % graphite showed about 28% of improvement in modulus and 12% improvement in strength compared to the matrix material. This is an excellent increase with respect to the relatively small amount of platelets reinforcements added to the system.

FIG. 9 shows the AC resistivity of the control epoxy and the graphite nanoplatelet reinforced composites. With 2% weight of graphite platelets, the composite began displaying some conductivity, which means that percolation threshold of this material exists around 2% weight percent (1% in value). With 3% volume graphite platelets, the composite shows a reduction of about 10 orders of magnitude which is a low enough resistivity for electrostatic dissipation or electrostatic painting applications.

The microstructure of the composite was observed by preparing microtomed samples and viewing them in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The images are shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B. According to these images, the thickness of these nanoplatelets was estimated around 15 to 30 nm. Multiple treatments by the microwave process can reduce the platelet thickness to much smaller dimensions.

EXAMPLE 4

This Example shows acrylamide grafting on a microwave and milled graphite platelet. The objective was to demonstrate the mechanical properties of composites reinforced with acrylamide grafted graphite nanoplatelets.

The graphite sample was microwave-exfoliated and vibratory milled. The vibratory milling was for 72 hrs. The average diameter was about 1 um.

The conditions for the grafting process were as follows:

Factors

1. Solvent System (O₂ Plasma treatment: 1 min. moderate reflux condition)

Benzene

Acetone

Isopropyl alcohol

Benzene/Acetone=50/50

Benzene/Acetone=75/25

Benzene/Acetone=87.5/12.5

2. Plasma Treatment Time (solvent: Benzene. Moderate reflux condition)

0 min

0.5 min

1 min

3 min

3. Reflux condition solvent: Benzene. O₂ Plasma treatment: 1 min)

Moderate reflux. Hot Plate Temperature=110˜120° C.

Vigorous reflux. Hot Plate Temperature=140˜150° C.

The reaction procedure was:

The graphite samples were first treated with O₂ plasma. (RF 50%); the sample was then dispersed in a 1M-Acrylamide solution and refluxed for 5 hours; and the sample was filtered and washed with acetone, then dried in a vacuum oven. 1. Solvent System Solvent Organic Component Benzene 15.37 wt % Acetone  6.39 wt % Isopropyl Alcohol  2.16 wt % Benzene/Acetone = 50/50 21.84 wt % Benzene/Acetone = 75/25 18.95 wt % Benzene/Acetone = 87.5/12.5 17.75 wt %

2. O2 Plasma Treatment Time Plasma Treatment Time Organic Component 0 min  2.91 wt % 0.5 min    9.73 wt % 1 min 15.37 wt % 3 min 11.53 wt %

3. Reflux Condition Reflux Condition Organic Component Moderate Reflux 15.37 wt % Vigorous Reflux 38.25 wt % [1 ] The mechanical properties of composites of acrylamide grafted graphite are shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 for a graphite sample with 38.25 wt % acrylamide. The effect of acrylamide grafting in forming composites with the epoxy resin of Example 3 is shown in FIGS. 13 to 18.

EXAMPLE 5

Composites reinforced with nanoscopic graphite platelets were fabricated and their properties were investigated as a practical alternative to carbon nanotubes. The x-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) results indicated that the graphite flakes were well-exfoliated to achieve platelets with thicknesses of 20 nm or less. Flexural tests and Differential Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) results show that nanocomposite materials made with these nanographite platelets have higher modulus than that of composites made with commercially available carbon reinforcing materials (i.e., PAN based carbon fiber, Vapor Grown Carbon Fiber [VGCF], and Nanoscopic High-structure Carbon Black). With the proper surface treatment, the graphite nanoplatelets in polymeric matrices also showed better flexural strength than composites with other carbon materials. Impedance measurements have shown that the exfoliated graphite plates percolate at below 3 volume percent, which is better than carbon fiber and comparable with other carbon materials, and exhibit a ˜10 order of magnitude reduction in impedance at these concentrations.

In this Example, a special thermal treatment was applied to the graphite flakes to produce exfoliated graphite reinforcements. The composite material was fabricated by combining the exfoliated graphite flakes with an amine-epoxy resin. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were used to assess the degree of exfoliation of the graphite platelets. The mechanical properties of this composite were investigated by flexural testing. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of composite samples was determined by Differential Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA). The coefficient of thermal expansion was examined by Thermal Mechanical Analysis (TMA) . The electrical conductivity was investigated by impedance measurements using the 2-probe method.

EXPERIMENTAL

Materials

Epoxy was used as the matrix material. Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (Epon 828) was purchased from the Shell Chemical Co. Jeffamine T403 from Huntsman Petrochemical was used as the curing agent for this matrix system.

Graphite was obtained from UCAR International Inc. and were intercalated by acids. PAN based carbon fiber (PANEX 33 MC Milled Carbon Fibers, average length: 175 um, average diameter: 7.2 um, specific gravity: 1.81 g/cm³, Zoltek Co.), VGCF (Pyrograf III, PR-19 PS grade, Length: 50 ˜100 um, Average diameter: 150 nm, Specific gravity: 2.0 g.cm³, Pyrograf Products, Inc.), and nanosize carbon black (KETJENBLACK EC-600 JD, Average diameter: 400 ˜500 nm, Specific gravity: 1.8 g/cm³, Akzo Novel Polymer Chemicals LLC) were used as comparison. The SEM images of these materials are shown in FIGS. 19, 20 and 21.

The UCAR graphite was processed thermally. After the treatment, these graphite flakes showed significant expansion due to the vaporization of intercalated acid in the graphite galleries. The expanded graphite flakes were pulverized by use of an ultrasonic processor and mechanical milling. The average diameter and thickness of the flakes pulverized only by ultrasonic processor were determined as 13 um and 30 nm, respectively (Graphite microplate). Those of the flakes after milling were determined as 1.1 um and 20 nm, respectively (Graphite nanoplatelet). The SEM and TEM images of as-received, expanded, and pulverized graphite flakes are shown in FIGS. 22 to 25. The size distribution of the graphite microplate and nanoplatelets is shown in FIGS. 27 and 28.

Composite Fabrication

The calculated amount of reinforcements were added to DGEBA and mixed with the aid of an ultrasonic homogenizer for 5 minutes. Then stoichiometric amount of Jeffamine T403 were added and mixed at room temperature. The ratio of DGEBA/Jeffamine is 100/45 by weight. The system was outgassed to reduce the voids and cured at 85° C. for 2 hours, followed by post curing at 150° C. for 2 hours. The density of graphite flakes was assumed as 2.0 g/cm³. The densities of other carbon materials were obtained from manufactures. The density of the epoxy matrix was measured as 1.159 g/cm³. Using these values, the volume fraction of graphite platelets in composite samples was calculated.

Surface Treatments of Graphite Nanoplatelets

Surface treatments that can introduce carboxyl and/or amine group were applied to the graphite according to the following procedures.

Nitric Acid Treatment

A graphite nanoplatelet sample was dispersed in 69% (weight) of nitric acid and heated at 115° C. for 2 hours. The sample was then washed by distilled water and dried in a vacuum oven.

O₂ Plasma Treatment

Graphite nanoplatelets were dispersed on an aluminum foil and covered by a stainless steel mesh. Then the sample was treated by O₂ plasma at RF level of 50% (275 W) for 1 min.

UV/Ozone Treatment

Graphite nanoplatelets were packed in a quartz tube (ID: 22 mm, OD: 25 mm, Transparent to UV light down to wave length of 150 nm). The tube was filled with ozone (Concentration: 2000 ppm, Flow rate: 4.7 L/min) and rotated at 3 rpm. Then the samples were exposed to UV light for 5 min.

Amine Grafting

Graphite nanoplatelets were treated by O₂ plasma to introduce carboxyl group. Then the sample was dispersed in tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) and heated at 190° C. for 5 hours to graft TEPA by forming an amide linkage. The sample was washed with distilled water and methanol, then dried in a vacuum oven (Pattman, Jr., et al., Carbon, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 217 (1997)).

Acrylamide Grafting

Graphite nanoplatelets were treated by O₂ plasma to introduce peroxide. Then the sample was dispersed in 1M acrylamide/benzene solution and heated at 80° C. for 5 hours to initiate radical polymerization of acrylamide. The sample was washed with acetone and dried in a vacuum oven (Yamada, K., et al., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., Vol. 75, pp. 284 (2000)). TABLE 1 XPS Data of Surface Treated Graphite Nanoplatelets and Other Carbon Materials C O N S Na Al Others O/C N/C Graphite 93.5 6.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.055 0.000 Nanoplatelet HNO₃ 92.2 7.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.075 0.000 Treatment O₂ Plasma 91.0 8.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.093 0.000 Treatment UV/O₃ 94.5 4.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.042 0.000 Treatment Amine Grafted 89.2 6.8 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.061 0.037 Acrylamide 78.3 14.0 7.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.177 0.100 Grafted PAN based CF 88.9 9.3 1.6 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.105 0.018 VGCF 95.1 4.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.052 0.000 Nanosized 91.7 8.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.089 0.000 Carbon Black Results and Discussion XPS

The effect of surface treatments was investigated by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The results are shown in Table 1. From this data, the acrylamide grafting treatment showed the highest O/C and N/C ratio, suggesting many acrylamide groups were introduced. The amine grafting treatment also showed an increase in N/C ratio, suggesting amine groups were introduced. O₂ plasma treatment showed an increased O/C ratio, suggesting carboxyl groups were introduced. The other two treatments didn't show impressive results.

Mechanical Properties Effect of Surface Treatments on Mechanical Properties

Graphite nanoplatelets treated by O₂ plasma, amine grafting, and acrylamide grafting were prepared and used as reinforcements to fabricate composites with 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 vol % of graphite flakes. The flexural strength and modulus of each sample are summarized in FIGS. 29 and 30.

The results indicate that the acrylamide grafting was the most effective surface treatment in terms of both strength and modulus enhancements. This is supported by XPS data that showed largest N/C ratio for acrylamide grafting. These data suggest that the amine groups grafted on graphite nanoplatelets improve the compatibility between the graphite nanoplatelets and the matrix and form a bond with the epoxy matrix and improve mechanical properties.

Comparison with Commercially Available Carbon Materials

Composites reinforced with PAN based carbon fibers, VGCFs, and nanosize carbon blacks were fabricated. The flexural properties of these composites were measured and compared with those of composites with acrylamide-grafted nanographite. The results are shown in FIGS. 31 and 32. Here acrylamide grafted nanographite showed the best results in terms of both strength and modulus enhancement. This implies that the acrylamide grafting treatment is a very effective surface treatment for graphite nanoplatelets.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of composites with 3 vol % of acrylamide grafted nanographite, PAN based carbon fiber, VGCF, or nanosize carbon black were determined by TMA. The results are shown in FIG. 33. The acrylamide grafted nanographite showed the lowest CTE, indicating good dispersion and strong bonding between the nanoreinforcements and the matrix.

Tg

Tg of composites with 3 vol % of acrylamide-grafted nanographite, PAN based carbon fiber, VGCF, or nanosize carbon black were determined by DMTA. The results are shown in FIG. 34. The acrylamide grafted nanographite showed the slightly higher Tg, but the difference is negligible considering the error margin of the results. Thus these reinforcements didn't affect Tg of epoxy matrix.

Electrical Property

The electrical resistivity of the composites with various reinforcement contents were determined. The reinforcements used were PAN based carbon fiber, VGCF, nanosize carbon black, graphite microplate (exfoliated and sonicated, but not milled), and graphite nanoplatelet. The size of each composite sample was about 30×12×8 mm. Each sample was polished and gold was deposited on the surface to insure good electrical contacts. The results are summarized in FIG. 35. The VGCF, carbon black and graphite microplate percolated at around 2 wt % (1 vol %) while conventional carbon fiber and graphite nanoplatelet showed percolation threshold of about 8 to 9 wt % (5 to 6 vol %) . Among the former three reinforcements, graphite microplatelets and carbon blacks produced composites with the lowest resistivity, which reached around 10^(−1.5) ohm*cm. Thus, the exfoliated graphite sample also showed excellent electrical property as reinforcement in polymer matrix.

As shown by this Example, a new nanoplatelet graphite material was developed by expansion (exfoliation) of graphite. An appropriate surface treatment was established for the new material, which produced a nanographite that increased the mechanical properties of an epoxy system better than some commercially available carbon materials at the same volume percentage. In addition, the expanded (exfoliated) graphite material has been shown to percolate at only 1 volume percent. Measurement of the impedance of this material indicates that it could be used to produce polymer matrix composites for new applications such as electrostatic dissipation and EMI shielding.

The present invention provides a fast and economical method to produce expanded graphite particles, expanded by using RF or microwave energy as the expansion method. It is especially useful in large-scale production and could be a very cost-effective method which would lead to increased use of the exfoliated graphite material.

The expanded graphite can be compressed or calendared to make sheets with or without resins and/or other additives. These sheets can be used as insulating material. In furnaces or gaskets/sealing materials for internal combustion engines. Also these sheets can be used as electrodes substrates for polymer batteries (FIG. 38) or separator (or fluid flow field plates) for fuel cells (FIG. 39).

The expanded graphite can be pulverized into platelets with an appropriate grinding method. Platelets with a high aspect ratio can be used as reinforcements in composites, which have high mechanical properties as well as good electrical and thermal conductivity.

Expanded graphite with an appropriate platelet size can hold and release metal atoms such as lithium, which is suitable as anode material for lithium-ion or lithium-polymer batteries (FIG. 40).

EXAMPLE 6

A highly conducting plastic material was made by combining exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnP) with either thermoplastic of thermoset polymer. Polymers for this application can include but are not limited to: PA9T, Nylon 6, Nylon 66, PP, PE, TPO, PET, PBT, PPS, fluoropolymer, elastomer, epoxy, polyimide, Elvax, ionomer, or biobased and biodegradable polymers. Exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnP) are mixed with resins at concentrations above the percolation concentration and molded by conventional processes including injection molding, compression molding, extrusion, transfer molding, blow molding, casting and/or reaction injection molding (RIM). The resulting plastic composite has electrical conductivity high enough to be used for electrostatic dissipation, electrostatic painting, and/or electromagnetic interference shielding applications for example. In addition, the composite also has excellent barrier properties against transmission of gases and liquids such as oxygen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and gasoline so that it can be used as a material for packaging films, bottles, electrical/electronics parts, and automotive parts.

Exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnP) samples were made by microwave expansion and by pulverizing the resulting product. The diameter and aspect ratio of xGnP can be controlled by changing the pulverizing and/or milling conditions. Surface treatment such as surfactant, plasma, UV/ozone, wet oxidation, electrochemical oxidation, and grafting can be applied to xGnP to alter the surface chemistry and the compatibility of the xGnP with various polymer resins if necessary.

xGnP can be mixed with a thermoset or thermoplastic resin and molded into a part using conventional thermoset or thermoplastic processing methods such as injection molding, compression molding, extrusion, transfer molding, blow molding, casting and reaction injection molding (RIM). Films and fibers can also be made conductive with xGnP by using conventional fiber spinning or film processing methods. xGnP can be mixed with the polymer material prior to the process or during the process. xGnP can also be added to a conventional macro fiber composite or a filled polymer system as a 3 ^(rd) component and produce a high level of electrical conductivity.

xGnP/N6, xGnP/N66, xGnP/PP, xGnP/PE, xGnP/TP06, xGnP/PET, xGnP/Surlyn (ionomer), xGnP/Epoxy, xGnP/Polyimide, xGnP/EPDM (elastomer), xGnP/HNBR (elastomer), xGnP/PPS, and xGnP/Elvax samples have been made. The resulted samples showed resistivity as low as 10 ohm-cm and oxygen barrier properties improved as much as 50% compared to the control resin samples. Mechanical properties such as flexural modulus, strength, and impact strength were also improved.

Specific experimental data is shown in this Example.

Experimental Data

Example: electro-conductive plastic composite system

Resin: Nylon 66

Nanomaterial: MSU graphite nanoPlatelet (thickness=10 nm, Diameter=1 μm, 15 μm, 100 μm)

Process

Injection Molding by DSM

Electrical Resistivity

The results are shown in FIGS. 41 to 44.

EXAMPLE 7

Nylon plastics that are electrically conductive and that can also provide a barrier to the diffusion and transport of gases and liquids are in high demand. This Example demonstrates a method to produce nylon materials by the incorporation of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets at a concentration above the electrical percolation concentration. The resulting composite plastic has excellent mechanical properties superior to the virgin polymer and its electrical resistance is reduced by over 9 orders of magnitude over the base polymer making it useful for electrostatic dissipation, electrostatic painting or electromagnetic shielding. The electro-conductive composite composition can be produced with any conventional thermoset or thermoplastic processing methods without major modification. In addition, the composite composition also has excellent barrier properties against transmission of gases and/or liquids so that it can be used as a barrier material for packaging electrical/electronics and in fuel line automotive applications.

The primary objective of this Example is to provide electro-conductive nylon resin (PA9T, PA6T, Nylon 11, Nylon 12, and MXD-6) with high barrier properties. Exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnP) are mixed with nylon resins and molded by conventional processes including injection molding, compression molding, extrusion, transfer molding, blow molding, and reaction injection molding (RIM). The resulted resin has high electrical conductivity sufficiently to e used for electrostatic dissipation, electrostatic painting, and electromagnetic interference shielding applications. Also the resin has good barrier property against gasses such as oxygen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and gasoline so that it can be used as a material for packaging films, bottles, and automotive parts such as fuel tanks and fuel line components.

The structures of the repeating units of this nylon polymers are as follows:

-   PA6T (“Zytel HTN” of DuPont, “Amodel” of Solvey etc.)     1,6-hexanenediamine Telephthalic acid -   Nylon 11 —[—NH—(CH₂)₁₀—CO—]— -   Nylon 12 —[—NH—(CH₂)₁₁—CO—]— -   MXD-6 (polyamide from meta-xylylene diamine and adipic acid)

Exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnP) samples are made as previously discussed. The diameter and aspect ratio of xGnP can be controlled by changing the pulverizing and/or milling conditions. Surface treatment such as surfactant, plasma, UV/ozone, wet oxidation, electrochemical oxidation, and grafting can be applied to xGnP if necessary.

xGnP is mixed with a nylon resin and molded into a part. Conventional process methods such as injection molding, compression molding, extrusion, transfer molding, blow molding, and reaction injection molding (RIM) can be used. Also xGnP/Nylon film can be made by using conventional film process. xGnP can be mixed with polymer material prior to the process or during the process.

Specifically injection molded xGnP/PA9T samples were made. The resulted samples showed resistivity as low as 10 ohm-cm. Also the gasoline barrier property was improved more than 10X compared to the control nylon samples In addition, the mechanical properties such as flexural modulus, strength, and impact strength were improved.

Material

Resin: PA9T

Nanomaterial: Nanographite Platelet (Michigan State University, Thickness=10 nm, Diameter=1 μm, 15 μm, 100 μm)

Process

Injection Molding by DSM

Properties

Electrical Resistivity

The results are shown in FIGS. 45 to 49.

FIG. 50 is an illustration of a simplest embodiment of the method of expanding intercalated graphite in batch mode within a microwave apparatus 410 while in a gaseous atmosphere. The unexpanded intercalated graphite particles are placed into a beaker 415 and inserted into the chamber 431 of a microwave oven as the microwave applicator device 430 of the apparatus 410 (illustrated with the door of the device 30 removed for viewing). A microwave generator 434 emits microwave energy into the chamber 431 when activated to irradiate the particles. Preferably, the energy output and duty cycle of the microwave generator can be varied. Intercalant exhaust is removed from the chamber 41 by means of an exhaust tube 462, the first end 461 of which passes through an opening 432 in a top wall 431A of the chamber 431 of a microwave applicator device 430. A second end 463 of the exhaust tube 462 enters a scrubber 464, which removes the intercalant acid fumes before releasing the scrubbed exhaust gases from a vent 466 on the scrubber 464. In this embodiment, the graphite particles are expanded in a gaseous atmosphere 470 such as air, however other gases can be used. Various gaseous atmospheres can be used, such as argon or other noble gases. The gaseous atmosphere 470 does not have to be inert, however, since even air having oxygen can be used safely as the gaseous atmosphere. Many different types of apparatus for expanding the graphite are described in U.S. Ser. No. 10/659,577, filed Sep. 10, 2003, which is incorporated herein by reference.

It is unexpected that air having oxygen can be used as the gaseous atmosphere 470 in the present invention, since the exfoliation process in the microwave apparatus causes the graphite particles to emit intense sparks 426. FIG. 51 is an illustration of the expanding graphite 420 in a gaseous atmosphere 470. As illustrated, when the unexpanded graphite 421 expands to form expanded graphite 422, intense sparks 425 are emitted into the gaseous atmosphere 470. The glossy graphite material absorbs the microwave energy and rapidly heats to extremely high temperatures. During this process the graphite particles emit intensely bright sparks 425. Unexpectedly, the sparks 425 do not cause damage while in the presence of oxygen in the gaseous atmosphere 470.

While the present invention is described herein with reference to illustrated embodiments, it should be understood that the invention is not limited hereto. Those having ordinary skill in the art and access to the teachings herein will recognize additional modifications and embodiments within the scope thereof. Therefore, the present invention is limited only by the claims attached herein.

It is intended that the foregoing description be only illustrative of the present invention and that the present invention be limited only by the hereinafter appended claims. 

1. A composite composition which comprises an admixture: (a) a polymer; and (b) microwave or radiofrequency wave expanded graphite platelets, which were expanded from a graphite containing an intercalcant by boiling the intercalcant and are optionally pulverized, in admixture in the polymer, wherein the platelets are present in an amount which provides electrical conductivity properties or provides barrier properties to gases or liquids or a combination of these properties.
 2. In an article of manufacture requiring a polymer which requires electrical conductivity or barrier properties to liquids or gases, the improvement which comprises providing in the article a composite composition which comprises in admixture: (a) a polymer; and (b) microwave or radiofrequency wave expanded graphite nanoplatelets, which were expanded from the intercalated graphite by boiling the intercalcant in admixture in the polymer, wherein the nanoplatelets are present in an amount so that the composite composition provides the electrical conductivity or provides barrier properties to liquids or gases or a combination of these properties.
 3. A method for providing electrical conductivity or barrier properties in an article of manufacture which comprises fabricating an element of the article from a composite composition which comprises in admixture: (a) a polymer; and (b) microwave or radiofrequency wave expanded graphite nanoplatelets which were expanded from a graphite containing an intercalcant by boiling the intercalcant in admixture in the polymer in an amount so that the composition has the electrical conductivity or barrier properties or a combination of these properties.
 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer is nylon.
 5. The article of claim 2, wherein the polymer is nylon.
 6. The method of claim 3, wherein the polymer is nylon.
 7. A composite composition with barrier properties which comprises in admixture: (a) a polymer; and (b) microwave or radiofrequency wave expanded microwave or rf frequency expanded and pulverized nanoplatelets of graphite, which were expanded in the presence of a gaseous atmosphere, in an amount which resists oxygen permeability through the composite due to graphite to provide the barrier properties.
 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the graphite is between about 0.5 and 40% by weight of the composition.
 9. The composition of claims 7 or 8 as a film.
 10. The composition of claims 7 or 8 in a gasoline tank with a ground connection to prevent an accidental spark in the tank.
 11. The composition of claims 7 or 8, which is in addition electrically conductive having a resistivity of less than about 10⁸ ohm-cm due to the graphite in the polymer.
 12. The composition of claims 7 or 8, wherein the polymer is nylon.
 13. A composite composition with barrier properties which comprises: (a) a polymer comprising a nylon polymer; and (b) microwave or radiofrequency wave expanded graphite platelets, which have been expanded from a graphite containing an intercalcant by boiling the intercalcant and optionally pulverized, in admixture in the polymer, wherein the platelets are present in the composition in an amount which provides a barrier to oxygen gas transmission to provide the barrier properties.
 14. In an article of manufacture requiring a polymer which provides a barrier properties to oxygen gas transmission, the improvement which comprises providing a composite composition in the article which comprises: (a) a polymer comprising a nylon polymer; and (b) microwave or radiofrequency wave expanded graphite nanoplatelets which were expanded from a graphite containing an intercalcant by boiling the intercalcant in admixture in the polymer and optionally pulverized, the platelets are present in an amount so that the composition provides the barrier properties to oxygen gas transmission.
 15. A method for providing barrier properties to oxygen gas transmission in an article of manufacture which comprises fabricating as an element of the article from a composite composition which comprises an admixture: (a) a polymer comprising a nylon polymer; and (b) microwave or radiofrequency wave expanded graphite nanoplatelets which were expanded from a graphite containing an intercalcant by boiling the intercalcant in the presence of a gaseous atmosphere and optionally pulverized, in admixture in the polymer in an amount which provides the composition with the barrier properties to oxygen gas transmission.
 16. A composite composition providing a barrier to diffusion of an organic liquid which comprises in admixture: (a) a polymer composition comprising a nylon polymer; and (b) microwave or radiofrequency wave exfoliated and pulverized graphite nanoplatelets, which were expanded from a graphite containing an intercalcant by boiling the intercalcant and optionally pulverized, in the polymer composition in an amount so that the composition provides the barrier to diffusion of the organic liquid and optionally is electrically conductive.
 17. The composition of claim 16 in a container for a fuel for an internal combustion engine as the organic liquid.
 18. The composition of claim 16, wherein the platelets are about 0.5 to 40% by weight of the composition.
 19. The composition of any one of claims 16, 17, or 18, wherein the platelets are pulverized to provide nanoplatelets which have a length and width of less than about 100 μm.
 20. The composition of any one of claims 16, 17 or 18, wherein a resistivity of the composition is less than about 10⁸ ohm-cm due to the graphite in the polymer.
 21. The composition of any one of claims 16, 17 or 18, wherein the composition in addition contains nanosized mineral particles.
 22. The composition of any one of claims 16, 17 or 18, wherein the polymer is solely the nylon.
 23. A process producing a composite composition which comprises an admixture (a) a polymer; and (b) microwave or radiofrequency wave expanded graphite platelets, which were expanded from a graphite containing an intercalcant by boiling the intercalcant, and are optionally pulverized, in admixture in the polymer wherein the platelets are present in an amount which provides electrical conductivity properties or provides barrier properties to gases or liquids or a combination of these properties, which comprises: blending a mixture of particles of the polymer with the platelets in a high speed blender at 10 to 500 rpm and then forming to produce the composition.
 24. The process of claim 23, wherein the forming is selected from the group consisting of injection molding, compression molding; extrusion, transfer molding; blow molding and reaction injection molding.
 25. The process of claims 23 or 24, wherein the polymer is solely the nylon.
 26. The process of claims 23 or 24 wherein the particles are between about 0.1 and 500 microns. 